Reprogramming Pathways: Post-16 Education and Training

As girls transition from secondary school to post-16 education and training, they continue to face many of the challenges encountered earlier in their educational journey that influence their decisions and limit their access to careers in digital technology. These barriers become even more pronounced as they enter specialised and competitive environments.

Gender bias remains a persistent issue, even though many universities and colleges have implemented diversity initiatives. Technology and digital-related fields in further and higher education are still often perceived as male-dominated and gender stereotypes influence students' decisions to pursue courses related to technology and, once enrolled, can affect their academic experience.


The belief that digital technology is primarily for men can discourage girls from enrolling in these courses or cause them to feel out of place in classrooms and labs dominated by male students.


Equity of Access

Equity of access to post-16 education and training is a significant concern in Wales, with girls from low-income households, rural and underrepresented communities facing additional barriers to accessing further education, apprenticeships, and training opportunities.

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The STEM Gender Gap

35%

of STEM students in higher education are women

  • This underrepresentation reflects societal gender biases.

  • It also contributes to the perception that these fields are primarily for men.

The STEM Gender Gap

19%

of Computer Science and Engineering & Technology students are women

  • This underrepresentation reflects societal gender biases.

  • It also contributes to the perception that these fields are primarily for men.


Barriers in Digital Tech: A Few Examples

  • Despite some progress, careers advice in schools often reinforces traditional career pathways for girls, with digital technology rarely presented as a viable option. There is limited awareness of the diverse roles available in digital technology and even less focus on vocational and alternative pathways into the sector.

  • The lack of strong partnerships between higher education institutions and the digital technology industry is another barrier. Girls entering further and higher education may find it difficult to access apprenticeships internships, work placements, or industry-related experiences that are crucial for developing the skills and networks needed to succeed in digital technology careers.

  • As girls progress through their higher education journey, many encounter a phenomenon known as the ‘leaky pipeline’ in digital technology, a high rate of attrition among women as they advance through academic programmes. This trend, which sees women leaving STEM-related courses or opting for alternative career paths, is particularly evident in fields like computer science, engineering, and technology.

  • One of the more practical barriers faced by women in higher education, particularly in demanding fields like digital technology, is the challenge of balancing academic work with personal responsibilities. Women are often expected to take on more caregiving and domestic duties than their male counterparts, which can create additional stress and hinder their ability to fully engage in their studies.

  • Despite being in a more academically advanced setting, female students in higher education still face significant peer and social pressures that discourage them from pursuing digital technology. In some university environments, especially in male-dominated tech departments, women may feel pressured to conform to a gendered norm that discourages their involvement.


Recommendations

Engage in Networks and STEM events: Research and connect with local networks and events such as Wales Women in STEM, Women in Cyber and Wales Tech Week to build connections, gain support, and learn from women in STEM positions.

Seek Mentorship and Role Models: Connect with female tech professionals and seek out mentoring opportunities,  either through attendance at networking events or through LinkedIn.  

Explore Alternative Pathways: Consider apprenticeships, internships, and skills bootcamps available in Wales that offer practical routes into digital careers.

Develop Digital Skills: Access free resources such as Hwb and BBC Bitesize to improve your digital knowledge and build confidence in technical abilities.

Promote Positive Role Models: Highlight successful women in digital technology to inspire girls at home and provide them with positive examples.

Encourage Digital Learning: Introduce girls to coding platforms, tech clubs, and competitions like to spark their interest in technology.

Support Alternative Pathways: Challenge traditional narratives by exploring apprenticeship routes and alternative career pathways with your child as equally valuable options.

Inclusive Curriculum Design: Develop teaching materials that reflect diverse role models and demonstrate how digital technology careers can be inclusive and accessible to girls.

Promote Apprenticeships and Alternative Pathways: Collaborate with organisations such as Careers Wales, EESW STEM Cymru and MiFuture to improve awareness of non-university career routes in digital technology.

Employer Visits: Partner with organisations such as EESW STEM Cymru, Her Place, See Science and STEM Ambassadors together with local tech employers to arrange employer visits, connecting education and employment.

Role Model Visits: Partner with organisations such as EESW STEM Cymru, Her Place, RoModels, See Science and STEM Ambassadors together with local tech employers to bring female digital professionals into classrooms to talk about their work.

Provide Targeted Support: Implement mentoring schemes, coding clubs, and digital skill-building activities specifically designed for girls to build their confidence.

Address Bias in the Classroom: Train staff on unconscious bias and ensure teaching practices provide equal opportunities for girls to develop digital skills.

Strengthen Industry Partnerships with Education: Partner with Welsh universities and colleges to provide paid internships, work experience placements, career days, employer visits and mentorship opportunities for female students.

Promote Women in Leadership: Actively recruit and support women in senior roles to create visible role models and inspire girls in digital technology.

Offer Flexible Pathways: Ensure apprenticeship schemes and alternative pathways are clearly promoted as viable routes into digital careers.

Create Inclusive Environments: Develop inclusive workplace cultures that fosters equality, diversity and inclusion by embedding inclusive leadership training for all senior managers and leaders. Carry out climate surveys to identify any barriers to women’s progression in the business. Deliver regular EDI training across the organisation and create mentoring and leadership programmes that promote development opportunities for women.

Improve Access to Affordable Childcare: Review the access and affordability of childcare in Wales for working parents.

Promote Flexible Working Policies: Encourage tech employers to adopt flexible working arrangements, such as remote working, hybrid models, and job-sharing for leadership roles.

Embed Gender Equality into Industry Standards: Introduce sector-wide diversity and inclusion frameworks that set targets for female representation in leadership roles. Require tech companies bidding for public sector contracts in Wales to demonstrate robust gender diversity and inclusion policies.

Promote Inclusive Recruitment Practices: Develop toolkits for Welsh employers to support inclusive hiring practices, including anonymised CVs, gender-balanced interview panels, and unconscious bias training. Encourage organisations to publish transparent salary bands to address pay inequalities that may hinder women's progression.

Strengthen Financial Support: Expand access to grants, bursaries, and hardship funds to reduce financial barriers for girls from low-income or rural backgrounds.

Expand Apprenticeship and Bootcamp Opportunities: Increase funding for digital apprenticeships and bootcamps designed to provide practical pathways into digital careers for women.

Promote Regional Access: Invest in digital infrastructure in rural communities to ensure equal access to digital technology education for all girls across Wales.

Fund Mentoring and Outreach Programmes: Support initiatives that connect female industry leaders with girls and young women to provide guidance, networking, and role models.

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This roadmap is about dismantling the structural barriers that have held women back and building a system where every girl in Wales sees technology not just as something she can use, but as something she can shape. This is not just a women’s issue, it’s a Wales opportunity and one we cannot afford to miss.

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I MANAGE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND WEBSITES AT A WELSH TECH COMPANY. I DIDN’T HAVE A TECH BACKGROUND—JUST A DRIVE TO LEARN. YOU DON’T NEED A DEGREE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE TO SUCCEED IN STEM—JUST CURIOSITY, DETERMINATION, AND A WILLINGNESS TO GROW.

Kate Davey

Next Venture Technologies