Reprogramming Aspirations: Secondary School
Barriers girls face in primary school often deepen in secondary, where gender stereotypes, lack of role models, peer pressure, and limited guidance impact their engagement with STEM. As self-awareness grows, so does the influence of gendered perceptions. Tackling these issues at secondary level is key to shaping aspirations and unlocking girls’ potential.
At secondary school, gender stereotypes become more ingrained, with tech often seen as a ‘male’ field. Media portrayals and classroom norms reinforce these views, discouraging girls from continuing in STEM—especially as social pressures grow during adolescence, even if they showed early interest or ability.
As they transition to secondary school, girls are often more influenced by their peers and may face pressure to conform to social expectations. In many cases, the pressure to align with traditionally feminine interests, such as fashion or social activities, can conflict with pursuing subjects like technology, which are often still viewed as more suited to boys.
Unconscious Bias in Education
Unconscious bias continues to be a significant issue. Teachers may unintentionally direct more attention or resources toward boys in STEM subjects, assuming that boys are more naturally suited for subjects like mathematics and computing. This bias can result in girls receiving less encouragement or fewer opportunities to engage deeply with technology, which can negatively impact their confidence and interest in the subject.
Download the full roadmapHarassment in Tech Education
61%
of girls surveyed reported having personal experience of peer-on-peer harassment
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Girls may face sexual harassment and discrimination from their peers in secondary school.
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In male-dominated classrooms or at extracurricular tech activities, girls may encounter overt or subtle forms of harassment, making them feel unwelcome or unsupported.
Harassment in Tech Education
82%
reported seeing others experience peer-on-peer harassment
Girls may face sexual harassment and discrimination from their peers in secondary school.
In male-dominated classrooms or at extracurricular tech activities, girls may encounter overt or subtle forms of harassment, making them feel unwelcome or unsupported.
Barriers in Digital Tech: A Few Examples
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The lack of female representation in digital technology continues to be a significant barrier for girls at secondary school. Without visible role models who have succeeded in tech careers, it can be difficult for girls to envision themselves in these roles. While there are notable female figures in technology, their visibility in educational settings remains low.
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Self-confidence remains a significant barrier for girls in secondary school when it comes to subjects like math, science, and technology. Although girls may show interest and aptitude in these areas, they often internalise the belief that they are ‘not as good’ as boys at these subjects due to societal conditioning. This lack of confidence can be exacerbated in competitive environments where boys are more likely to be recognised or celebrated for their achievements in tech-related subjects.
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The digital divide continues to affect girls, particularly in more disadvantaged areas where access to resources such as computers, high-speed internet, or technical tools may be limited. Without these resources, girls may be at a disadvantage when it comes to engaging with technology outside of the classroom, which further limits their exposure and opportunities in digital technology.
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While many secondary schools offer extracurricular clubs or competitions in digital technology related fields, these spaces are often dominated by boys, making girls feel isolated or less motivated to participate. Few girls-only initiatives or STEM clubs exist at the secondary school level, which could provide a safe, encouraging environment where girls can engage in technology without facing gendered biases.
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The portrayal of women in the media, particularly in the digital technology industry, remains skewed. Women are often underrepresented or misrepresented in popular media, which can perpetuate the stereotype that careers in tech are male-dominated. This lack of positive media representation can discourage girls from aspiring to careers in digital technology, as they fail to see relatable role models in mainstream media.
Recommendations
Girls should be supported to:
Connect with Role Models: Engage with female tech professionals, helping girls see successful women working in Welsh digital careers.
Champion Welsh Girls in Tech: Celebrate achievements of girls in Eisteddfod STEM competitions, First Lego League Wales (EESW STEM Cymru), or National Coding Week Wales, to showcase girls excelling in tech locally.
Join Girls-Only Spaces: Take part in girls-only hackathons, coding camps and STEM sessions hosted by WISE Wales, or STEM Cymru, which create safe and inclusive spaces to explore technology.
Develop Digital Skills on Hwb: Use Hwb’s digital learning resources, particularly the Digital Competence Framework, to build tech skills in school and at home.
Peer Mentorship Networks: Set up girl-to-girl peer mentoring schemes, supported by Careers Wales, so older girls can encourage younger pupils to stay involved in tech subjects.
Challenge Stereotypes at Home and in Society: By using inclusive language, challenging outdated gender norms in play and activities, and fostering open conversations about bias and ambition.
Support Home-Based Tech Exploration: Use Hwb resources, BBC Bitesize, and local library coding kits to help girls engage with technology at home.
Celebrate Local Female Role Models: Highlight stories of local Welsh women working in tech.
Encourage Community STEM Activities: Encourage local community centres, libraries, Family Information Services, and youth hubs to run tech workshops for girls, and ensure community groups champion gender inclusion in STEM.
Challenge Gendered Career Messages at Home: Use Careers Wales resources to open conversations about tech careers, helping girls and families understand the vast opportunities in Wales and beyond.
Engage with Schools: Work with parent forums, PTAs, and school governors to advocate for gender-equitable teaching practices and extracurricular tech opportunities for girls.
Parent Awareness Campaigns: Access Hwb-hosted digital literacy guides for parents, explaining the importance of digital skills for future careers in Wales’ evolving economy.
Challenge Peer Pressure and Social Norms: Work with schools, local councils, and third-sector organisations to deliver confidence-building workshops for girls navigating social pressures around STEM subjects.
Science Capital Teaching Approach: Adopt the Science Capital Teaching Approach to promote digital technology careers to girls. This approach connects science and technology concepts to students' everyday experiences, interests, and aspirations, making these subjects more relatable and inclusive.
Embed Gender Equity in the Curriculum for Wales: Use the Curriculum for Wales focus on creativity and innovation to deliver inclusive STEM projects, ensuring girls see tech as a space for them.
Training for Bias Awareness: Work with regional consortia (like EAS, GwE, ERW, and CSC) to deliver unconscious bias training for teachers, helping them spot and challenge gender bias in technology teaching.
Role Model Visits and Mentoring: Partner with organisations such as EESW STEM Cymru, Her Place, RoModels, See Science and STEM Ambassadors together with local tech employers to bring female digital professionals into classrooms to talk about their work.
Use Gender-Inclusive Resources and Examples: Ensure Welsh language and English-medium teaching materials reflect gender diversity and highlight Welsh female role models in technology.
Raise Awareness of Tech Careers: Use the Careers Wales Primary resources to embed early career awareness, ensuring girls see the wide variety of technical and non-technical careers in digital technology available across Wales and beyond.
Whole-School Gender-Inclusive Approach: Embed a whole-school culture of gender inclusion, ensuring tech isn’t seen as a ‘boys’ subject’ and girls see themselves reflected in all aspects of school life.
Create Inclusive Tech Spaces in Schools: Establish girls-only coding clubs, but also focus on mixed-gender tech projects where girls take leadership roles, promoting gender equity in all STEM activities.
Zero-Tolerance Policies on Harassment: Work with Estyn and Welsh Government to ensure every school has a robust, enforced policy on sexual harassment, with staff trained to intervene and support girls in male-dominated spaces.
Welsh Context in Teaching Materials: Use examples of Welsh women innovators, tech start-ups, and tech-for-good projects in Wales, so girls see digital careers rooted in their own communities.
Flexible Extracurricular Scheduling: Schedule tech clubs and STEM competitions at times accessible to girls balancing academic, family, and cultural commitments.
Create Wales-Wide School Partnerships: Through Careers Wales , EESW STEM Cymru, Her Place, See Science and STEM Ambassadors, create a national programme linking Welsh tech companies with secondary schools, ensuring strong outreach to girls.
Sponsor Girls-Only Initiatives: Fund girls-only coding clubs, Welsh hackathons, and digital challenges in collaboration with Techniquest, Big Ideas Wales and EESW STEM Cymru.
Support Teacher CPD: Partner with regional schools to offer teacher placements in tech companies, so educators better understand career opportunities for girls in Wales’ digital economy.
Highlight Local Female Talent: Promote stories of women in tech in Wales, ensuring girls see relatable role models.
Offer Work Experience Opportunities: Connect with local schools to offer visits, work experience, role shadowing, and mentoring opportunities. Opportunities could be offered virtually for Wales’ more rural schools.
Embed Gender Equality into Digital Strategy for Wales: Ensure the Welsh Government Digital Strategy has a gender equality strand, with clear targets for increasing girls’ participation in digital skills pathways.
Statutory Gender-Inclusive Careers Guidance: Mandate that Careers Wales and CWRE frameworks include gender-equal representation of digital careers, ensuring digital opportunities are actively promoted to girls.
Expand Digital Equity Initiatives: Scale up Digital Communities Wales, focusing on targeted support for girls in deprived or rural areas, ensuring access to devices, internet, and mentors.
Data Monitoring and Accountability: Require schools and local authorities to track girls’ participation rates in STEM subjects and digital extra-curricular activities, using Estyn inspections to monitor progress.
Strengthen School-Industry Links: Develop a national framework for school-industry partnerships under the Welsh STEM strategy, ensuring tech employers commit to long-term engagement with secondary schools.
Support Inclusive Digital Apprenticeships: Ensure digital apprenticeships promoted by Welsh Government (through Apprenticeships Wales) actively recruit girls, with mentoring support built in.
Tackle Sexual Harassment in Schools: Implement recommendations from Estyn’s 2021 report on peer-on-peer sexual harassment, including mandatory sexual harassment prevention training for all school staff.
Download the full roadmap
This roadmap is about dismantling the structural barriers that have held women back and building a system where every girl in Wales sees technology not just as something she can use, but as something she can shape. This is not just a women’s issue, it’s a Wales opportunity and one we cannot afford to miss.
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